Webscript

Hebrew 13:5

2008-01-25T23:10:00.000-08:00

Hebrews 13:5 (New International Version)

"Keep your lives free from the love of money and be content with what you have, because God has said,
"Never will I leave you;
never will I forsake you."

FIBER OPTIC CABLE

2008-01-25T22:27:00.000-08:00

Fiber Optic Cable

Fiber strands are typically bundled within a cable. The strands can be placed in a "tight" or "loose" buffer tube array. The loose buffer tube array is the most commonly deployed for outside plant applications. Tight buffered cable is generally used within a building for riser and horizontal cable. Tight buffer cable is also used for an "indoor/outdoor" application. This cable is constructed with a weather/moisture resistant cable sheath, and is generally used to get from a splice box located within several hundred feet of a building utility entrance, and must be run several hundred feet within a building to the main fiber distribution point. If the main fiber distribution point is less than 100 feet from the building entrance, there may be no advantage to using the indoor/outdoor cable.

Outside plant cable is constructed to withstand immersion in water, will resist exposure to ultraviolet rays, and is protected from rodents and birds.

Fiber strands are placed in a large (relatively) diameter tube and allowed to "float" with considerable movement. As the fiber cable is pulled into place (in conduit, directly buried, or placed on a pole) the strands are not subjected to the forces of the pulling tension. The strands therefore sustain minimal damage or distortion from stretching.

Fiber cables are (as are all communications cables) manufactured based on their intended use. Each cable will have a standard set of markings indicating its primary use, the name of the manufacturer a National Electrical Code rating and a UL approval code, the number of fibers contained within the cable, the outside diameter of the cable, and the manufacturer's product nomenclature. All of these items should be checked when the cable is delivered to a storage area and then at the job-site before the cable is installed.

Fiber Cable Color Identification Chart

Buffer Tube / Fiber Strand Number Color

1 Blue

2 Orange

3 Green

4 Brown

5 Slate

6 White

7 Red

8 Black

9 Yellow

10 Violet

11 Rose

12 Aqua

13 Blue/Black Tracer

14 Orange/Black Tracer

15 Green/Black Tracer

16 Brown/Black Tracer

17 Slate/Black Tracer

18 White/Black Tracer

19 Red/Black Tracer

20 Black/Yellow Tracer

21 Yellow/Black Tracer

22 Violet/Black Tracer

23 Rose/Black Tracer

24 Aqua/Black Tracer

File Sharing in MAC OS X

2008-01-24T20:40:00.000-08:00

Prepare to Share

Connect computers to each other or to Internet

To share between computers that are at the same location, connect them to an Ethernet network or an AirPort network. For more information, see technical document 106658: "Creating a Small Ethernet Network"

You may also share over the Internet. A single computer using any kind of modem to connect to the Internet can share files, but the "Connecting between remote networks" section below applies.

Computers need IP addresses

If you can connect to the Internet, then your computer already has an IP address that is valid for your network. But if your computer does not have a valid IP address, which you can check in the Network pane of System Preferences, see technical document 106659: "Mac OS: How to Get an IP Address for Connecting to the Internet"

Connecting to the Internet and a local network (or LAN) at the same time

In most cases, users of institutional networks and home broadband will be advised to have their networks set up in a way that makes this goal effortless. Home users who don't have some type of routing device should see How to Connect to the Internet and Share Files Locally at the Same Time.

File Sharing with other Apple operating systems

This article concentrates only on File Sharing for Mac OS X. When properly set up, various Apple operating systems (such as Mac OS X, Mac OS 9, and AppleShare IP) can connect with each other. Be aware that the sharing service has other names, such as AppleShare and Apple File Protocol (AFP). When you connect to any of them, their behavior is superficially the same. If you use AppleTalk, review the AppleTalk issues section below.

Sharing with non-Apple operating systems

This article describes the most simple form of sharing available to Macintosh users (AppleShare). Other methods are available for communicating with other operating systems. See technical documents:

106660: "Mac OS X: Sharing With Non-Apple Operating Systems"
19652: "Macintosh: Networking With a Windows PC"

Connecting between remote networks

Mac OS X can share over the Internet (TCP/IP), as can Mac OS 9 and AppleShare IP. This allows Macintosh computers in remote locations to share files with any type of Internet connection. For more information, see technical document 106661: "Mac OS: Sharing Between Remote Networks, Sharing Over the Internet"

All Public folders are shared. Only Public folders are shared.

See technical document 106662: "Mac OS X: Only Public Folders Are Shared"

File Sharing is for up to 10 users

Up to 10 users may connect to File Sharing simultaneously. If you need to connect more users at once, you should upgrade to Unlimited-Client version of Mac OS X Server (http://www.apple.com/server/).

II. Start Sharing

1. Place files to share in your Public folder.
2. Choose System Preferences from the Apple menu. See Note 1.
3. Click the Network icon.
4. Choose the port you are going to share on (Built-in Ethernet or AirPort) from the Show pop-up menu. See Note 2.
5. Click the AppleTalk tab.
6. Click the checkbox to select Make AppleTalk Active.
7. Click Apply Now.
8. Click the Show All button in the upper left corner of the window.
9. Click the Sharing icon.
10. In the Computer Name field, type the name you wish to appear on the network for your computer. See Note 3.
11. Click Start in the File Sharing section. For Mac OS X 10.2 and later, select Personal File Sharing.

Repeat this process on any other Mac OS X computer that you wish to receive File Sharing connections.

Notes:

1. Users sharing between remote locations skip steps 3 to 8. Users of dial-up must connect before step 11.
2. Prior to Mac OS X 10.1, the Show menu was named "Configure."
3. If you change your Computer Name in the future, you must stop and restart File Sharing for the name change to take effect.

Managing privileges for shared data

Optionally, you can change the access privileges for items in your Public folder.

To change privileges for your entire Public folder:

1. Select your Public folder in a Finder window.
2. Choose Get Info (or Show Info) from the File menu.
3. Set the Show pop-up menu to Privileges.
4. You may now adjust user access privileges for the folder.

You can use the same steps for items in the Public folder.

III. Connect to a Sharing computer

How you connect to a Mac OS X computer that is sharing depends on two major factors:

the version of Mac OS on the connecting, or "client," computer
whether the client is local (on the same network) or remote

The steps you need to follow are found in technical document 107369, "Mac OS: How to Connect to File Sharing or Apple File Services (AFP)".

IV. Troubleshooting

AppleTalk issues

Mac OS 8, Mac OS 9, and Mac OS X 10.1 to 10.3.9 support file sharing (AFP) connections over AppleTalk. However, Mac OS X versions 10.0 to 10.0.4 (more) and 10.4 and later (more) can only connect to AppleShare over TCP/IP.

If you want to connect from versions 10.1 to 10.3.9 to Mac OS 8 sharing (which is AppleTalk only), be sure to enable AppleTalk as described in steps 5 and 6 in Section II, above. Mac OS 9 and Mac OS X can both connect over TCP/IP without AppleTalk, so this step is optional in the absence of Mac OS 8.

Mac OS X 10.4 and later don't support Personal File Sharing (or other AFP) over Appletalk, though by initiating the connection from the opposite direction you could still achieve an IP connection from a Mac OS 8 computer to a sharing Mac OS X computer. The Network preference pane in Mac OS X 10.4 and later still offers the AppleTalk checkbox, but it is for browsing AppleTalk-advertised resources and zones. The subsequent connection must be over TCP/IP.

General troubleshooting steps:

1. First, be sure you have followed the steps in this article correctly and reviewed the topics in Section I.
2. Choose System Preferences from the Apple menu.
3. Click Network.
4. Choose the network interface you are using from the Configure pop-up menu.
5. Click the TCP/IP tab.
6. Check to be sure that your computer has an IP address that is valid for your network. If your Configure menu is set to Manually, you also need to ensure that the Router and Subnet Mask entries are correct for your network. If you are not sure, check with the network administrator or Internet service provider.
7. Double check your physical connection: a phone line, Ethernet cable, or AirPort card and antenna. Be sure that what you are using is properly connected. Try swapping cables, or check to see that your AirPort card is properly seated. You can search the Knowledge Base for "AirPort and install." Select the document that matches your computer.
8. For the most reliable AppleTalk connections, Spanning Tree protocol should not be used on the network. See technical document 30922: "Spanning Tree Protocol: AppleTalk Issues".

Strategy

2008-01-18T18:35:00.000-08:00

Buy Core Spare Parts

Service Parts Management is the main component of a complete strategic service management process that companies use to ensure that right spare part and resources are at the right place (where the broken part is) at the right time.

Strategic Service Management, SSM, is a new customer commitment-centric business strategy that optimizes a company’s service business processes through a single, integrated view of post-sale service operations, by taking into consideration the planning and forecasting of service parts and resources, and the strategy and management of customer commitments, service partners, and service pricing.

Economic Considerations

Spare parts are sometimes considered uneconomical since:

the parts might never be used
the parts might not be stored properly
the cost of inventory for spare parts on hand
the ability to obtain the parts when needed from a remote source, such as a vendor, supplier, parts department, etc.

But without the spare part on hand, a company's customer satisfaction levels could drop if a customer has to wait too long for their item to be fixed. Therefore company's need to plan and align their service parts inventory and workforce resources to achieve optimal customer satisfaction levels with minimal costs.

User Considerations

The user of the mechanical item, which might require the parts, may overlook the economic considerations because:

the expense is not the user’s, but the employer’s
of a known high rate of failure of certain equipment
of delays in getting the part from a vendor or a supply room, resulting in machine outage
to have the parts on hand requires less “paperwork” when the parts are suddenly needed
of the mental comfort it provides to the user in knowing the parts are on-hand when needed

Cost-Effect Compromise

In many cases, where the mechanical item, is not stationary, a compromise is reached between cost and statistical probability. Some examples:

an automobile carries a “donut” tire as a spare part instead of an actual tire.
a member of a household buys extra light bulbs since it is probable that one of the lights in the house will eventually burn out and require replacement.
a computer user will purchase a ream of computer paper instead of a sheet at a time.
a race car team will bring with them to the race track another engine, “just in case.”

Reason for Strategic Service Management

Products have become commodities and product-based profit margins have decreased over time therefore companies are looking for new sources of revenue
Companies are looking to differentiate themselves from the competition and a best in class service organization can definitely lead to customer loyalty
Customers are expecting faster resolution time when they place a service call
Asset management responsibility and accountability are shifting from the enduser

enterprise to OEMs and their service provider partners

Cost cuts require higher worker productivity

a ship carries “spare parts” for its engine in case of breakdown at sea.

Purchase Small Stopgap Upgrades

Common hardware upgrades are installing additional memory (RAM), adding larger hard disks, replacing microprocessor cards or graphics cards, and installing new versions of software, although many other upgrades are often possible as well.

Common software upgrades include changing the version of an operating system, office suite, anti-virus program, or various other tools.

Common firmware upgrades include the updating of the iPod control menus, the XBox 360 dashboard, or the non-volatile flash memory that contains the embedded operating system for consumer electronics.

Software and firmware upgrades are often downloaded from the Internet. Often the download is a patch—it does not contain the new version of the software in its entirety, just the changes that need to be made. Software patches usually aim to improve functionality or solve problems with security. Rushed patches have been known to cause more harm then good and are therefore sometimes regarded with skepticism for a short time after release. Patches are generally free.

A software or firmware upgrade can be major or minor and the release version is increased accordingly. A major upgrade will change the version number, whereas the minor will usually follow with a ".01", ".02", ".03", etc. For example, version 10.03 means that that is the third minor upgrade of version 10. The minor upgrades (or updates) are generally free, but the major versions must be purchased. See also: sidegrade.

An "upgrade" is when you replace a product with a newer version of that same product. When you make an upgrade of the same product from one company to the other, you are making a "competitive upgrade".

Project control systems

Project control is that element of a project that keeps it on-track, on-time, and within budget. Project control begins early in the project with planning and ends late in the project with post-implementation review, having a thorough involvement of each step in the process. Each project should be assessed for the appropriate level of control needed: too much control is too time consuming, too little control is too costly. If control is not implemented correctly, the cost to the business should be clarified in terms of errors, fixes, and additional audit fees. The practices of project control are part of the field of cost engineering.

Control systems are needed for cost, risk, quality, communication, time, change, procurement, and human resources. In addition, auditors should consider how important the projects are to the financial statements, how reliant the stakeholders are on controls, and how many controls exist. Auditors should review the development process and procedures for how they are implemented. The process of development and the quality of the final product may also be assessed if needed or requested. A business may want the auditing firm to be involved throughout the process to catch problems earlier on so that they can be fixed more easily. An auditor can serve as a controls consultant as part of the development team or as an independent auditor as part of an audit.

Businesses sometimes use formal systems development processes. These help assure that systems are developed successfully. A formal process is more effective in creating strong controls, and auditors should review this process to confirm that it is well designed and is followed in practice. A good formal systems development plan outlines:

A strategy to align development with the organization’s broader objectives
Standards for new systems
Project management policies for timing and budgeting
Procedures describing the process

Ability to assess needs

2008-01-11T00:47:00.000-08:00

To be able to become a good IT manager, you should have the ability to assess the needs of your company, because it is one of your many responsibilities as an IT manager in a company. Having this ability does not matter on what level you are; you just have to develop this kind of ability that will put you in a good position for more responsibility. A good assessment skill can really help you as an IT manager and your company to save thousands of dollars, because there failure of assessing technology means failure of your work as an IT manager which also means useless expense of the company. You should have a good initiative to meet your target and have a profitable expense for the company. It is also important to know the needs of your company to be able to solve the problems. Assessing technology needs plays a major part in helping your career advance, because with this assessing ability you have the edge with other IT managers who have a weak assessment skill. It is your role is to know the real needs of your company especially in technical field as an IT manager. You can easily estimate the worth of the technology with what the company needs. In addition, with this technology the company might achieve their goal or objective. Before going to make an “IT agenda”, it is better to know first the objective and the tangible issues of the company before planning anything, because if you do not know the real issues you might lead to work on the wrong things. If you know what is the goal of the company you can now make a good IT agenda for the company or plans to make the company successful in their line of business.

Patch Panel

2007-12-19T23:39:00.001-08:00

Patch Panel Overview

Typically, LAN-based IP telephones use external power converters located at or near the desktop. The inline-power patch panel eliminates the need for external power sources; it is a standalone chassis that can be co-located with the Catalyst switch to provide -48 VDC power directly to the telephone through existing Catalyst family 10/100BaseTX switching modules. When used with an uninterruptible power supply (UPS), the inline-power patch panel can provide power to the telephone even in a power failure.

The inline-power patch panel has 48 RJ-45 input ports and 48 RJ-45 output ports (see Figure 1). There are two RJ-45 connectors per port for a total of 48 ports. Each input connector is internally connected to a corresponding output connector (input connector 1 is connected to output connector 1, and so on).

The RJ-45 ports serve as the physical network interfaces to the inline-power patch panel. The lower bank of ports provide 10/100-Mbps connection to the switch through RJ-45 connector pins 1, 2, 3, and 6. The top bank of ports provide -48 VDC power to the IP telephones through RJ-45 connector pins 4, 5, 7, and 8, in addition to transparently passing 10/100 Mbps data traffic on pins 1, 2, 3, and 6.

Front Panel Description

This section describes the front-panel features of the inline-power patch panel:

•48 RJ-45 client ports for connecting to IP telephones

•48 RJ-45 switch ports for connecting to 10/100BaseTX switch ports

•Unit status LED (see Table 1)

•Port status LED (see Table 2)

•AC-input connector

•ESD receptacle

Figure 1 Inline Power Patch Panel Front Panel

Table 1 Unit Status LED Description
Color	Description
Green	Power successfully applied to all ports.
Red	Power problem on one or more ports.
Off	No AC-input power to inline-power patch panel.

Table 2 Port Status LED Description
Color	Description
Green	Power successfully applied to port.
Flashing Green and Amber	Power problem on the port.
Amber	Power not applied to the port.
Off	No AC-input power to inline-power patch panel.

FRONT VIEW ENLARGED

BACK VIEW ENLARGED

110 BLOCK

PUNCH DOWN TOOL

Patch Panel

2007-12-19T23:39:00.000-08:00

Patch Panel Overview

Front Panel Description

This section describes the front-panel features of the inline-power patch panel:

•48 RJ-45 client ports for connecting to IP telephones

•48 RJ-45 switch ports for connecting to 10/100BaseTX switch ports

•Unit status LED (see Table 1)

•Port status LED (see Table 2)

•AC-input connector

•ESD receptacle

Figure 1 Inline Power Patch Panel Front Panel

Table 1 Unit Status LED Description
Color	Description
Green	Power successfully applied to all ports.
Red	Power problem on one or more ports.
Off	No AC-input power to inline-power patch panel.

Table 2 Port Status LED Description
Color	Description
Green	Power successfully applied to port.
Flashing Green and Amber	Power problem on the port.
Amber	Power not applied to the port.
Off	No AC-input power to inline-power patch panel.

FRONT VIEW ENLARGED

BACK VIEW ENLARGED

110 BLOCK

PUNCH DOWN TOOL

Computer Networks and Topology

2007-12-04T00:08:00.000-08:00

Network

A collection of computers, servers, mainframes, network devices, peripherals, and/or various other devices connected to one another allowing for data to be shared and used. A great example of a network is the Internet, connecting millions of people all over the world together.

Below is an example image of what a home network or small office network may look like. As can be seen below, this network is setup to enable all computers and other devices with network abilities, such as the Tivo, to communicate with each other as well as share the single Internet connection.

Bus topology

A type of network setup where each of the computers and network devices are connected to a single cable or backbone. Below is a visual example of a simple computer setup on a network using the bus topology.

Ring topology

Also known as a ring network, the ring topology is a type of computer network configuration where each network computer and device are connected to each other forming a large circle (or similar shape). Each packet is sent around the ring until it reaches its final destination. Today, the ring topology is seldom used. Below is a visual example of a simple computer setup on a network using a ring topology.

Star topology

Also known as a star network, a star topology is one of the most common network setups where each of the devices and computers on a network connect to a central hub. A major disadvantage of this type of network topology is that if the central hub fails, all computers connected to that hub would be disconnected. Below is a visual example of a simple computer setup on a network using the star topology.

Computer Vendors and Manufacturers

2007-12-03T23:41:00.000-08:00

Computer Vendors and Manufacturers

COMPAQ
HP
TOSHIBA
SONY
APPLE

DELL

Alta Technology

Chen Systems

CONVEX Computer Corporation

Cray Research, Inc

Digital Equipment Corporation

Integrated Computer Engines

Intel Supercomputer Systems Division

Meiko

NEC

Parsytec Computer GmbH

Pyramid

Sequent Computer Systems

Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme AG

Silicon Graphics, Inc.

Supercomputer Systems Ltd.

Tera Computer Company

Multiple Access Protocols

2007-11-21T23:39:00.000-08:00

Multiple Access Protocols

The problem with multiple (shared) medium access is that only one node can transmit at one time.If a node is in the middle of a transmission and another node starts to transmit a collision occurs.When a collision occurs the transmissions of the nodes that caused it is failed and must be re-attempted.

The main difference between CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA is the "speaking" policy held by all the communicating parties:" Quit speaking if another speaks" for CD and "listen before talk" for CA.

CSMA based protocols are adopted into all 802.3 and 802.11 networks as they proved to be the best way to manage many nodes trying to access the same medium minimizing or trying to avoid the number of collisions.

CSMA/CD - Ethernet 802.3 (wired) networks

Carrier Sensing Multiple Access / Collision Detection, this is the full acronym of the well-known medium accessprotocol that made Ethernet based LAN'S so spread and efficient.

Collision detection means that a NIC must be able to transmit and sense the medium at the same time.This is possible because NIC's usually measures the voltage on the medium before and during the transmission to detect potential collisions.Collisions occur when more than one NIC transfer a frame in the same collision domain (a hubbed lan inour semplified but real-world example) using the same shared medium.

What happens when a collision is detected?

When a node detects the collision, it immediately quits transmitting because all the data already trasnmitted is considered garbage and further data transmission would be a waste of time and resource.The second step is to send a Jam signal made of 48 bits of disturb. After the jam signal all the nodes realize that a collision has occurred and start their exponential backoff time, probably the most genius part of this algorithm.The exponential backoff time is the time a node must wait before re-attempting the transmission of the same frame.

The Jam (disturb) signal

Jam signal is sent as soon as a collision is detected. This is of much importance above all when nodes areplaced far from each other. When propagation time is really little CSMA/CD has a rough rate of successful transmissions of 100%. In this scenario collisions are avoided simply using Carrier Sense.When nodes are far from each other and propagation time is not negligible, collisions can still occur, this is whyCS is not enough.

Into Ethernet networks a collision is not much of a problem because nodes are capable of detecting a collision andretransmit the same packet after a random time.Into Wireless communications, because of the nature of the medium ( the air ), detecting a collision is a difficult practicewhen possible so collisions are avoided instead of detected.

CSMA/CA - 802.11 Wireless LAN

CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance) is a protocol for carrier transmission in 802.11 networks.

In CSMA/CA, as soon as a node receives a packet that is to be sent, it checks to be sure the channel is clear (no other node is transmitting at the time). If the channel is clear, then the packet is sent. If the channel is not clear, the node waits for a randomly chosen period of time, and then checks again to see if the channel is clear. This period of time is called the backoff factor, and is counted down by a backoff counter. If the channel is clear when the backoff counter reaches zero, the node transmits the packet. If the channel is not clear when the backoff counter reaches zero, the backoff factor is set again, and the process is repeated.

Collision Detection cannot be used for wireless environments for 3 main reasons:

Wireless communications are in half-duplex. If we had an antenna to listen and another to transmit we should be able to detect a collision while we transmit. This time the medium is the air and the power of the transmitting antenna willconfuse the receiving one thus making detection almost impossible.

Detecting the transmission of a hidden station is impossible.

Signal attenuation

Instead of detecting a collision, by waiting for a random time before re-transmitting CSMA/CA (tries to) avoid collisions.

Collision Avoidance

The main difference between CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA protocol is that wireless stations don't transmit immediately but, even if the medium is detected as free, a random *counter* is generated before transmission.While CSMA/CD uses a time value as backoff, CSMA/CA uses a counter that is decremented everytime the medium is inactive (sensed free)Only when the counter reaches 0 the station will start its transmission.In any case before each frame transmission the station waits for the DIFS time.
If in an ethernet environment, 2 nodes choose the same backoff time a collision will occur and the probability that the 2 will choose the same backoff time again, after the first collision, decreases exponentially.In a wireless environment, instead, collisions must be avoided and if 2 stations willing to transfer a frame, listen another station in the middle of transfer, they must choose a random value for their counter instead of just re-transmitting when the medium is free.If they acted like in CSMA/CD, a collision would have occurred.

Unlike CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detect) which deals with transmissions after a collision has occurred, CSMA/CA acts to prevent collisions before they happen.

IP and MAC Address

IP Address - Internet Protocol Address

An IP address (Internet Protocol address) is a unique address that certain electronic devices currently use in order to identify and communicate with each other on a computer network utilizing the Internet Protocol standard (IP)—in simpler terms, a computer address.

The IP address acts as a locator for one IP device to find another and interact with it. It is not intended, however, to act as an identifier that always uniquely identifies a particular device. In current practice, an IP address is less likely to be an identifier, due to technologies such as Dynamic assignment and Network address translation.

Since networks vary in size, there are four different address formats or classes to consider when applying to NIC for a network number:

Class A addresses are for large networks with many devices.

Class B addresses are for medium-sized networks.

Class C addresses are for small networks (fewer than 256 devices).

Class D addresses are multicast addresses.

MAC Address - Medium Access Control Address

In a local area network (LAN) or other network, the MAC (Media Access Control) address is your computer's unique hardware number. (On an Ethernet LAN, it's the same as your Ethernet address.) When you're connected to the Internet from your computer (or host as the Internet protocol thinks of it), a correspondence table relates your IP address to your computer's physical (MAC) address on the LAN.
The MAC address is used by the Media Access Control sublayer of the Data-Link Layer (DLC) of telecommunication protocols. There is a different MAC sublayer for each physical device type. The other sublayer level in the DLC layer is the Logical Link Control sublayer.

Client - Server

The most basic type of client-server architecture employs only two types of nodes: clients and servers. This type of architecture is sometimes referred to as two-tier. It allows devices to share files and resources.

Client

Client is the requesting program or user in a client/server relationship. For example, the user of a Web browser is effectively making client requests for pages from servers all over the Web. The browser itself is a client in its relationship with the computer that is getting and returning the requested HTML file. The computer handling the request and sending back the HTML file is a server.

Characteristics of a client:

Request sender is known as client

Initiates requests

Waits for and receives replies.

Usually connects to a small number of servers at one time

Typically interacts directly with end-users using a graphical user interface

Server

In the client/server programming model, a server is a program that awaits and fulfills requests from client programs in the same or other computers. A given application in a computer may function as a client with requests for services from other programs and also as a server of requests from other programs.

Characteristics of a server

Receiver of request which is send by client is known as server

Passive (slave)

Waits for requests from clients

Upon receipt of requests, processes them and then serves replies

Usually accepts connections from a large number of clients

Typically does not interact directly with end-users